The debt ceiling is the maximum amount of money that the United States government is allowed to borrow. If the debt ceiling is not raised, the government will not be able to pay its bills and could default on its debt. This would have a number of negative implications for the financial system, including:

• A decline in the value of the U.S. dollar would make it more expensive for Americans to buy imported goods and services. This would lead to an increase in inflation, which would erode the purchasing power of consumers and businesses.
• An increase in interest rates would make it more expensive for businesses to borrow money and invest. This would lead to a decline in investment and economic growth.
• A decrease in consumer spending would lead to a decline in economic growth. This would have a ripple effect throughout the economy, leading to job losses and a decrease in tax revenue.
• A loss of confidence in the U.S. financial system could lead to a financial crisis. This would make it more difficult for businesses to get loans and could lead to a substantial decline in the stock market.

A debt ceiling default would have a devastating impact on the U.S. economy and the global economy. What would this mean for consumers?  It would be much more difficult to borrow to purchase or lease a vehicle.  Mortgage rates would likely increase substantially.  Because of 'credit tightening' in the broader economy, and reduced lending, many businesses would simply be unable to continue or operate, leading to mass layoffs and a recession.  This, in turn could have downward pressure on housing prices, but with very few buyers or money circulating in the economy, it would be difficult to sell.  If you have credit card debt or personal loans, you could expect your interest rates to increase, and your job to be less secure.  It is expected that if this happens, bankruptcies, both business and consumer, would be in high demand. 

Chapter 7 bankruptcy is sometimes called "liquidation" bankruptcy. This is because the court sells off some of the person's property in order to pay off their debts. This type of bankruptcy is usually for people who don't have a lot of money or property to begin with.
Chapter 13 bankruptcy, on the other hand, is sometimes called a "reorganization" bankruptcy. This is because the person keeps their property and works out a payment plan with the court to pay off their debts over time. This type of bankruptcy is usually for people who have a steady income and can afford to make payments.
There are pros and cons to each type of bankruptcy. For Chapter 7, the biggest pro is that the person can usually get rid of all their debts quickly and start fresh. But the con is that they might lose some of their property, like their car or their house.
For Chapter 13, the biggest pro is that the person gets to keep their property and pay off their debts over time. But the con is that they have to make regular payments for several years, which can be difficult.
Now, let's talk about secured and unsecured creditors. A creditor is someone who is owed money by the person filing for bankruptcy. A secured creditor is someone who has a "security interest" in the person's property. This means that if the person doesn't pay their debt, the creditor can take their property. For example, if someone takes out a loan to buy a car, the bank is a secured creditor because they can repossess the car if the person doesn't make their payments.
An unsecured creditor is someone who doesn't have a security interest in the person's property. For example, if someone owes money on a credit card, the credit card company is an unsecured creditor because they can't take anything from the person if they don't pay.
In Chapter 7 bankruptcy, secured creditors usually get paid first because they have a security interest in the person's property. If there is any money left over after paying the secured creditors, it goes to the unsecured creditors.
In Chapter 13 bankruptcy, the person works out a payment plan with the court that usually includes paying the secured creditors in full over time. Unsecured creditors might get some or all of their money back, depending on how much the person can afford to pay. In most cases they get close to 0%, but it depends on what's left over after net income minus 'reasonable and necessary expenses'. 
In conclusion, bankruptcy can be a difficult decision to make, but it can also be a way for people to get out of debt and start fresh. Chapter 7 and Chapter 13 have different pros and cons, so it's important to reach out to Sweeney Law Offices to go over your options!

Occasionally, well into a Chapter 13 payment plan bankruptcy, a client runs into financial trouble again. Whether due to poor budgeting, mismanagement of resources, an unexpected medical or repair expense, or the loss of a job, ongoing and regular Chapter 13 plan payments cannot be made, sometimes for months.  While payments need to be made in a Chapter 13 case, there is some leeway for an interruption, but typically they can be excused retroactively as opposed to an indeterminate time in the future.  For example, if you know you'll be off work, but you do not know for how long, that is not something that your current Chapter 13 can address.  But if you're at the end of a layoff period in which you haven't earned any income, we can typically excuse those missed payments and tack them onto the remainder of your plan.  Timing is important here; not only for the period of missed payments (which cannot exceed 3 months lest the trustee filed a motion to dismiss your case) but for the resumption of payments and the remainder of the plan.  For instance, cramming 3 missed payments into one final month will be more costly than over 40 more months of payments, as one is not permitted to extend the plan period beyond me 60 months.

There are a number of issues to address with a Chapter 13 plan payment delinquency.  First, would it be best to allow the case to be dismissed to address vehicle or house payments which are behind?  If there's a pending motion for relief from stay, or or the car/house creditor has not been paid for a long time, one may wish to restart the entire process because doing otherwise may keep you in a case without the main reason you filed: to protect your home or car.  Second, is the payment increase necessary to keep your case alive even possible for you to make?  If not, you may wish to file a new case. Third, is your income sporadic/ based on self-employment, or a is it received from a full time, more stable position?  The former is more difficult to use to support payments and a realistic plan going forward.

Finally, many Chapter 13 participants have unrealistic expectations of what it is supposed to do.  After not making payments for many months due to job loss, and unable to make payments in the foreseeable future, many clients will say 'but I thought Chapter 13 was supposed to help people'.  The answer is that it DOES help people.  But there are limitations.   You cannot be in a Chapter 13 without regular, ongoing income, and without the ability to make payments.  No amount of personal interpretation of 'help' will change that.  But assuming you can make the required payments, Chapter 13 can (a) save your home (b) save your car (c) restore utilities at the time of filing (d) pay as little as zero to unsecured creditors (e) resolve tax debts (f) keep student loan creditors from collecting from you (although interest will accrue on the loans while you're in the Chapter 13 (g) keep collectors from harassing you to the extent you owed them prior to filing.  If you have any other questions, feel free to contact us here.

There are many misconceptions about bankruptcy and credit, so let's take a look at the impact that bankruptcy can have.  Filing a Chapter 7 will remain on your credit report for 10 years, just like a foreclosure. A Chapter 13 will remain on your credit for 7 years.  But does this mean you will experience low credit scores after filing until the bankruptcy has been removed?  The answer is that it depends.  Credit reporting and scores are based on a myriad of issues, such as your debt-to-income ratio (DTIR), which is another way of asking how much debt you have to service compared to your income.  If you owe $1000 for a credit card, but you only make $5000 a year, that's a problem.  But if you make $500,000 a year, then your DTIR is going to be fantastic. Another issue is, how have you performed in making debt payments?  You can improve your score in this regard after bankruptcy filing by opening a secured credit card, or staying current on a car payment, or house payment.  Other items which may affect your credit score are the number of creditors you owe and number of times an agency has looked at your credit report.  In some ways, filing bankruptcy will help because it will reduce the amount of debt that you service, improving your DTIR.

But the real question to ask is whether your credit score matters, or how much it matters.  If you're older, and have a house and car (or two), your credit score may be less important if you're not planning to borrow to purchase big ticket items in the near future.  If you're younger and want to buy a home in the next 5 years, that may be difficult or your interest rate may be high, if you file a bankruptcy.  While the purchase of a car will be easier, and most people with a job can get a loan after bankruptcy, your interest rate will almost always be higher, perhaps in the 20s.   So what we are really asking is (a) will you still qualify for credit and (b) what will the cost of that credit be?  The answer to the first is that, for small balance credit cards or secured credit cards, and vehicles, as long as you're employed, almost certainly, yes.  The answer to the second is that the cost of borrowing will be higher.  But assuming you've discharged $50,000 in unsecured debt, the cost of borrowing for a $30,000 car will not reach those levels, even above 20% interest, so the benefits for filing exceed the risks.  

There is a 'humiliation' or 'emotional' factor to filing in that some people value themselves based on their credit scores.  This is not a rational reason not to file, or to judge oneself.  Unless they pay to run a background check, your friends, family and neighbors won't know whether you filed, and they cannot simply look at you and figure out your credit score.  Moreover, if you're saving thousands of dollars by filing, that's much more important than having a high credit score.  But the biggest problem with a credit score is that, in some cases, it's a reason to put yourself back in harm's way - by borrowing instead of saving.  That's why if you're going to judge yourself on anything, it shouldn't be by your ability to borrow at low interest rates, it should be by your ability to save and invest.

STUDENT LOANS IN CHAPTER 13 – A PRIMER


Assuming you do not qualify for a hardship discharge (either offered by the government or through a Chapter 7), Chapter 13 can be a successful strategy for dealing with this type of debt. Often, when explaining the role of Chapter 13 in student loan management, potential clients seem confused and say 'I didn't think you could put student loans in bankruptcy'. The answer is complicated, and depends what is meant by 'putting' student loans 'in bankruptcy'. In Chapter 13, you can certainly do the following:

1. Stop student loan collections efforts.
   
2. Repay the student loans through your bankruptcy, and sometimes pay as little as 0%.
   
3. Pay the student loans separately from the bankruptcy if you desire.
   
   
   

While you can treat the student loans in the payment plan, they are typically non-dischargable, meaning when you're out of the case, to the extent you didn't pay any of the principal, they'll be back around when you're out. . But there are different reasons/methods for treating student loans. Let's look at a few.


THE LOW INCOME FILER


Many clients with student loans have issues paying what the creditor would like you to pay. Even in an income contingent plan, the hard realities of life, like raising children, or cost of living increases, can get in the way. Chapter 13 can make sense because in those cases, you can pay as little as 0% back to creditors while you're in the case. This has bad and good consequences. The bad is that unlike most other types of unsecured debts like credit cards or medical bills, the student loan debt continues to accrue interest. That means, assuming you don't pay anything towards your student loans while in the case, you'll actually owe MORE when you're out of the case in 3 to 5 years. While this is of little consequence if there's little to no chance you'll be paying them off in your lifetime due to age or illness, for the young filer, it could make things worse in the future. A smart move in some of those cases, where the student loans make up the bulk of your creditor claims, is to pay extra into your case to prevent 'negative amortization', which is a fancy way of saying it will prevent your loan from growing while you're in the case.


THE HIGH INCOME FILER


Some clients have so much income that they can pay a high percentage of their debt off in the Chapter 13. Where they have a large portion of their debt as student loan debt, it actually makes sense to pay this high amount in because it will tackle the debt and prevent it from growing. Additionally, the student loans are paid at the expense of the other creditors so a certain extent. For example, if you owe $100,000 in student loans, and $100,000 in credit card debt, and you are in an 80% plan, you'll wind up paying $80,000 to your student loans, and $80,000 to your credit card creditors. If you did not have student loans, you'd almost certainly wind up paying $100,000 to your credit card creditors, so having them in the case pulls money that would go to them and sends it to a debt that is non-dischargable.


THE 100% TO CREDITORS FILER (aka the VERY high income filer)


In this case, while student loan interest continues to accrue, often unsecured creditors interest rates are set either at zero, or close to zero (perhaps 3%), which is often more advantageous than prior to filing. But oftentimes Debtors in these plans want to pay their student loan debt outside of the plan. This usually does not make sense. Here's why. If your ability to make payments in the plan goes down, the student loans receive a share and can reduce the amount paid to credit card and medical bill debt. Further, where interest rates for student loans exceed or beat investment averages (i.e. 8%), paying these down makes good financial sense. That being said, you may want to talk to a financial advisor to be certain as to whether the time is right to pay them off.


ALTERNATIVE PLAN STRUCTURES

• One way to combat the issue of having a large student loan debt in higher income cases is to treat the student loan creditor as a 'special unsecured' creditor. In that situation, student loans are treated as a 'priority' and paid at the complete expense of your other unsecured debt, like credit cards and medical bills.
  
• Assuming you're a high income earner who must pay 100% to creditors, you may not WANT that large of a plan payment. Perhaps you want to invest your money in something that pays better returns than the interest rates on your student loan. In that case, you can pay 100% to your credit card and medical bill creditors, and remove the student loan from the case, paying it off over a longer period of time with an agreement made with the student loan company. I usually do not advise doing this, but this is something which should be viewed on a case by case basis.
  
• Another idea is that if student loan repayment through bankruptcy leaves you with more disposable income, you may want to plan to file Chapter 13 cases end-to-end. For example, two 5 year plans back to back to keep your head above water. Not everyone likes the idea of being 'in bankruptcy' for longer than 3 to 5 years, but in certain limited cases it makes sense, especially when creditors are ready to pounce once you exit your first case.
  
• There is the 'kick-the-can-down-the-road' Chapter 13, where you actually plan to pay 0% to your student loan despite the fact that it will keep growing. For example, if you're in your 40s, you're earning $35,000 a year with little chance of an increase and your student loans are $200,000 or more, the possibility that you'll pay these off is remote. In that case, you may want to file bankruptcy with the knowledge that you have no intention of paying the loans, but just want to survive. Courts are increasingly (though not overwhelmingly) discharging student loans in some of these cases in Chapter 7, but usually those cases involve mimimum wage employment and no ability to pay anything to those creditors.